The Evolution Of The Telecom Industry Economics Essay Example For Students

The Evolution Of The Telecom Industry Economics Essay Indian Telecom industry appeared in 1851 with the primary operational lines laid by the specialists close to Calcutta. In 1883, telephone utilities and postal framework were combined. In 1947, the state had around 82,000 phone associations, which rose up to 3.05 million by the twelvemonth 1984. Media transmission was considered as a vital assistance and, consequently, the specialists held control of the segment. In 1980s, the private division went into media communications gear manufacture. Division of Telecommunications ( DOT ) was built up in 1985. It was the sole provider of residential and significant distance administration that would be its ain controller. We will compose a custom exposition on The Evolution Of The Telecom Industry Economics explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Two government-claimed organizations were made in 1985: Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited ( VSNL ) , for universal media communications Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited ( MTNL ) , for administration in metropolitan nations. With the LPG changes of 1991, telecom division profited because of the opening up of the monetary framework. Some cardinal advancements in the part include: National Telecom Policy ( NTP ) , 1994-first exertion to give a far reaching guide for the telecom division. Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) was made in 1997 to move as a controller for supported developing of the telecom division. New National Telecom Policy received in 1999. In a similar twelvemonth, cell administrations were other than set up. Outline1 Introduction2 Regulators3 Role of TRAI4 Role of the Government5 New Technologies6 SWOT ANALYSIS7 Strengths8 Failings9 Opportunities10 Menaces11 Plague Analysis12 Political Factors13 Economic Factors14 Social Cultural Factors15 Technological Factors16 PORTER s FIVE FORCE Model Presentation The Indian Telecommunications, in footings of size and range, is the third biggest known to man and the second biggest among the Asiatic states. Blending to the informations gave by Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) , whole figure of telecom endorsers in India ( GSM + CDMA + Wire-line ) at the terminal of August, 2012 rose to 960.9 million when contrasted with 926.53 million in December, 2011. A significant transmutation in the Indian telecom area can be seen through significant strategy changes, starting with the presentation of NTP ( National Telecom Policy, 1994 ) and was accentuated and proceeded under NTP ( New Telecom Policy, 1999 ) . The transmitted and telephonic frameworks of the nineteenth century have now developed propelled engineerings like GSM, CDMA, and WLL to the incomparable 3G Technology in traveling telephones. It has accomplished extraordinary developing during the last hardly any mature ages and is kept up to take an enormous spring in the great beyond other than. Controllers Branch of Telecommunications ( DOT ) , built up in 1985 as the sole provider of residential and significant distance administration and would be its ain controller. The Telecom Regulatory Authority of India ( TRAI ) , set up on twentieth February 1997 by an Act of Parliament known as the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, to tweak and obsession/amendment of obligations. The Telecom Regulatory AuthorityA of India Act, 1997 was revised in the twelvemonth 2000.A The corrections were acquired request to take the choking influences that had emerged in execution of the Act.A There was an unmistakable separation set up between the recommendatory and regulative maps ofA TRAI by doing it mandatory for the Government to look for proposals of TRAI for indicated issues and by the puting up a different distinction settlement component. Job of TRAI The main point of TRAI is to flexibly a straightforward approach and a situation that encourages just rivalry. For this, TRAI has given a major figure of requests, mandates and orders to cover with issues preceding it, covering themes including obligation, interconnectedness and each piece great as organization of the Authority. The mission of TRAI is to ensure that the inclusions of the customers are secured furthermore ensure conditions for the developing of media communications, abroad wire and communicate medium administrations in a fast mode empowering India to play a prima work in the planetary data society. .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .postImageUrl , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:hover , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:visited , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:active { border:0!important; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; change: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:active , .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:hover { darkness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u3625c1bee 930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u3625c1bee930a6f986c9dfebfdc16b31:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Rosa Parks EssayThe maps of TRAI can be inexactly separated into two sections Obligatory maps Captured advancement of Duty strategies Captured advancement of Interconnection strategies Guaranting Quality of Service Guaranting execution of footings and conditions for permitting Recommendatory maps New permit approaches Range approaches Opening of media transmission area to do it increasingly competitory Job of the Government The specialists has taken numerous endeavors to facilitate the quick developing of the Indian telecom industry. FDI has been permitted up to 74 % . Presentation of join course authorizing across India. A push to interface 66,822 uncovered humble communities under Bharat Nirman Abhiyan is being executed by specialists. Dab has allowed the remote telecom organizations to offer for 3G range without joining forces with Indian organizations. They needed to use for join dish administration permit ( UASL ) in the wake of winning the order, thus life partner with an Indian organization in congruity with the FDI statutes. New Technologies 1. 3G ( Third coevals building ) The Indian specialists unloaded the range for 3G benefits by ask foring orders from remote each piece great as household members. Along these lines, the 3G range got one of the significant developing drivers and putting chance in the telecom business. The intensity for 3G showcase is reflected by the 30-40 % one-year developing in Value-Added Services ( VAS ) . Wireless creators have propelled 3G empowered French phones in the Indian market valued each piece low as USD 100. 2. WiMAX ( World-wide Interoperability for miniaturized scale wave Access ) It is one of the most basic improvements in remote imparting in the ongoing days gone by. This gives web course even in unaccessible areas at a speed of up to 4 Mbps. It will other than take to an expanded utilization for telecom administrations, esteem included administrations, and the internet a� India has 13 million WiMAX endorsers till 2012. a� In India, Aircel is the trailblazer in WiMAX designing. a� BSNL endeavors to interface 74,000 humble communities through WiMAX. 3. Versatile figure conveyability It is where a customer need to port his figure can arrive at the Donor circle to get a Port Authorisation Code ( PAC ) which he so needs to provide for the Recipient circle so as to complete the convenientce method. 4. Framework sharing Many assistance providers are investigating foundation sharing in order to chop down their web organization costs. It offers the undermentioned advantages: a� Improved help quality a� Moderateness for customers a� Quicker pivotal revolution out of administrations in provincial and other removed nations a� Critical reducing in introductory set up costs a� Diminished working expenses for administration providers 5. Worth Added Services ( VAS ) In 2011-12, the VAS business is meriting USD 4 billion. The business is assessed to spread out at a pace of around 50 % for the accompanying twelvemonth. VAS benefits in India by and by center around the diversion and games part. Be that as it may, there is go for developing in utility-based administrations like itinerant minutess and area data. SWOT ANALYSIS Qualities Tremendous customer base in the radio segment: Following informations about the Telecom membership was acquired as on 31st August 2012, : Whole endorsers expanded fro

Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments Essay

Direct Manipulation and Virtual Environments - Essay Example This is on the grounds that clients can see the results of an activity before finishing the article; accordingly, assessing the outcomes and making up for botches (Wang and Tsai, 2011). An order line structure then again is an association with a PC program through which the client provides orders to the program as sequential lines of writings. An order line shell is utilized to execute an interface. The order line shell is a program that would acknowledge orders as content info changing over them to working framework capacities. Projects are effortlessly computerized through scripting if just they have order line interfaces. The order line structure gives an entrance to the contentions and the name used to summon the running system (Wang and Tsai, 2011). Direct control style can be applied in pupil’s collaboration with some instructive programming. The PC interface can urge individuals to think, plan on pertinent issues and learn all the more effectively. The immediate control is extremely compelling to learning and is probably going to widen learners’ idea on task past their PC communication. This style will be viable in expanding learner’s neatness in future to improve the present procedures and make new

Why Great Leaders Should Be Great Writers

Why Great Leaders Should Be Great Writers Much has been written on the qualities of a good leader. Top-10 lists from leadership gurus and online articles generally offer characteristics such as influential, passionate, dedicated, disciplined, and great communication skills (to name a few) as the most valued qualities a leader can demonstrate. However, not all these lists touch on one of the most important qualities of a great leader, which is being a great writer.Theres a reason why degree programs across a variety of fields require extensive writingâ€"writing is an essential skill in the business world. Equally, there are several reasons why leaders should focus on honing their writing abilities, especially if they want to build their personal brand as someone who knows how to lead and lead well.As a leader, youre likely writing a lot. It simply comes with the territory in most management or leadership positions. Whether its a quick memo or a larger thought leadership piece to be published in the company newsletter, every w ord you write will reveal something about your character. So lets discuss how this happens and the reasons why to hone your writing skills even more if you are in a leadership role.Leaders are influencers and good writing influencesPhoto by Helloquence on UnsplashYouve likely often heard the adage, The pen is mightier than the sword. While this proverb was written in reference to a free press being more important than political violence, it holds true for other facets of life as well.Good writing can be enormously influential. It can sway hearts and minds, it can clarify points that were unclear, it can rally support for a cause, and it can bring people together with an inspiring message. As a leader, being able to do these things through your writing is crucial if you want to gain the type of respect and devotion great leaders need to get things accomplished.Particularly if a company is experiencing quick growth, sharing your vision and strategy through writing ensures that everyon e is on the same page with a shared mission for the future. While writing doesnt replace face-to-face conversation, it can offer leaders a valuable way to connect with employees and relate information that is personalized to a particular department or initiative.Another reason leaders should be producing thoughtful, well-written content is that it allows them to be influencers within their industry, as well. Trade journals, industry magazines, online forums and many other publishing opportunities are available to push written content and build your brand as a thought leader and expert in your field.Leaders should model great communication skillsPhoto by Lubo Minar on UnsplashRonald Reagan, John Kennedy, Barack Obama, Martin Luther King, Jr.â€"some of the greatest leaders in history have also been great communicators and writers. Being able to speak comfortably (and write the same) to any audience is the mark of a leader who understands the importance of their position and doesnt tak e it lightly.And leaders like these also understood that every word spoken (or written) could have enormous consequences. Therefore, every word must be chosen with care and concern that seeks to avoid miscommunication or misunderstandings within an organization. As Mark Twain wrote, The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lightning bug.Another mark of modeling these communication skills is when leaders are able to successfully communicate with people on their level. Whether this is speaking to employees, members of a board, leadership team peers, or another organizationâ€"finding the right words and expressions to connect with others is crucial to maintaining the kind of respect a leader needs to maintain to effectively lead others.Leaders should demonstrate creativity and passionâ€"both can be done through writingPhoto by Ian Schneider on UnsplashSteve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, once said, You have to be burning wi th an idea, or a problem, or a wrong that you want to right. If youre not passionate enough from the start, youll never stick it out. He also practiced what he preached. According to this article, Steve Jobs passion and creativity not only helped found Appleâ€"it moved the company into wildly unpredictable success through his constant push for new gadgets and fresh ideas being brought to life. Jobs was, above all else, creative in his pursuit of new technology and this became evident from his earliest leadership role.One of the easiest ways to demonstrate this level of passion and creativity is through writing. Something as simple as a company newsletter with articles from thought leadership circles allows employees to see the level of passion their leaders have for the organization and their role in it. Building on this, leaders can show their creativity through discussing ideas of future growth or changes while asking for feedback from others in the process.Leaders should be trust ed and poor writing/grammar decreases thatPhoto by Bernard Hermant on UnsplashWhen your writing is full of grammatical errors, poor word choice, confusing structure, or spelling issues, your audience will not take you as seriouslyâ€"its a simple fact about human nature. This is especially true for leaders, who need to maintain integrity in their work, communication, and role as an influencer. Leaders work hard to build their image. They want to be seen as capable and trustworthy, especially in a time when there is a general lack of trust in leadership among employees. A lack of employee trust due to a leaders poor communication skills (whether written or spoken) can sow seeds of doubt in the leaders ability to do his or her job effectively.What to do (and what to avoid)Now that you understand the reasons why great leaders should be great writers, lets break it down into some best practices to follow, along with mistakes to avoid. These rules pertain to writing that is made public (o r at least available to everyone in the company), such as newsletters, online forums, industry publications or website content.As a leader, your writing should…Be positive, encouraging, hopeful and inspiring. These qualities make people want to read what you have written because they like to be uplifted and inspired.Be tactful. Sometimes choosing the right word can mean the difference between your writing coming across as disparaging or encouraging.Model the attitude and philosophy of your company, organization, or brand. As a leader, you are the voice of your company or department. Make sure that voice reflects well on your business.Be well researched, without inaccuracies in statistics or facts presented.Your writing should not…Include public shaming or fault-finding in others. This sort of negativity in purpose will only do more harm than good, in most situations. If there is a problem to address, it is often best handled through face-to-face conversation with the parties inv olved.Have any grammar, syntax, punctuation, or spelling errors. As mentioned earlier, these types of easily avoidable mistakes can affect a leaders reputation negatively. With online editors available and many offering 1 to 2-hour turnaround times for projects, theres really no excuse to publish writing containing these errors.Include quotes or references to others work without proper citation of the source material.Above all, keep in mind that developing your skills as a writer isnt something that can happen overnight. Continue to learn best practices as a writer and expert in your field, and youll find that your writing will improve (along with your leadership skills).

Why Great Leaders Should Be Great Writers

Why Great Leaders Should Be Great Writers Much has been written on the qualities of a good leader. Top-10 lists from leadership gurus and online articles generally offer characteristics such as influential, passionate, dedicated, disciplined, and great communication skills (to name a few) as the most valued qualities a leader can demonstrate. However, not all these lists touch on one of the most important qualities of a great leader, which is being a great writer.Theres a reason why degree programs across a variety of fields require extensive writingâ€"writing is an essential skill in the business world. Equally, there are several reasons why leaders should focus on honing their writing abilities, especially if they want to build their personal brand as someone who knows how to lead and lead well.As a leader, youre likely writing a lot. It simply comes with the territory in most management or leadership positions. Whether its a quick memo or a larger thought leadership piece to be published in the company newsletter, every w ord you write will reveal something about your character. So lets discuss how this happens and the reasons why to hone your writing skills even more if you are in a leadership role.Leaders are influencers and good writing influencesPhoto by Helloquence on UnsplashYouve likely often heard the adage, The pen is mightier than the sword. While this proverb was written in reference to a free press being more important than political violence, it holds true for other facets of life as well.Good writing can be enormously influential. It can sway hearts and minds, it can clarify points that were unclear, it can rally support for a cause, and it can bring people together with an inspiring message. As a leader, being able to do these things through your writing is crucial if you want to gain the type of respect and devotion great leaders need to get things accomplished.Particularly if a company is experiencing quick growth, sharing your vision and strategy through writing ensures that everyon e is on the same page with a shared mission for the future. While writing doesnt replace face-to-face conversation, it can offer leaders a valuable way to connect with employees and relate information that is personalized to a particular department or initiative.Another reason leaders should be producing thoughtful, well-written content is that it allows them to be influencers within their industry, as well. Trade journals, industry magazines, online forums and many other publishing opportunities are available to push written content and build your brand as a thought leader and expert in your field.Leaders should model great communication skillsPhoto by Lubo Minar on UnsplashRonald Reagan, John Kennedy, Barack Obama, Martin Luther King, Jr.â€"some of the greatest leaders in history have also been great communicators and writers. Being able to speak comfortably (and write the same) to any audience is the mark of a leader who understands the importance of their position and doesnt tak e it lightly.And leaders like these also understood that every word spoken (or written) could have enormous consequences. Therefore, every word must be chosen with care and concern that seeks to avoid miscommunication or misunderstandings within an organization. As Mark Twain wrote, The difference between the right word and the almost right word is the difference between lightning and the lightning bug.Another mark of modeling these communication skills is when leaders are able to successfully communicate with people on their level. Whether this is speaking to employees, members of a board, leadership team peers, or another organizationâ€"finding the right words and expressions to connect with others is crucial to maintaining the kind of respect a leader needs to maintain to effectively lead others.Leaders should demonstrate creativity and passionâ€"both can be done through writingPhoto by Ian Schneider on UnsplashSteve Jobs, former CEO of Apple, once said, You have to be burning wi th an idea, or a problem, or a wrong that you want to right. If youre not passionate enough from the start, youll never stick it out. He also practiced what he preached. According to this article, Steve Jobs passion and creativity not only helped found Appleâ€"it moved the company into wildly unpredictable success through his constant push for new gadgets and fresh ideas being brought to life. Jobs was, above all else, creative in his pursuit of new technology and this became evident from his earliest leadership role.One of the easiest ways to demonstrate this level of passion and creativity is through writing. Something as simple as a company newsletter with articles from thought leadership circles allows employees to see the level of passion their leaders have for the organization and their role in it. Building on this, leaders can show their creativity through discussing ideas of future growth or changes while asking for feedback from others in the process.Leaders should be trust ed and poor writing/grammar decreases thatPhoto by Bernard Hermant on UnsplashWhen your writing is full of grammatical errors, poor word choice, confusing structure, or spelling issues, your audience will not take you as seriouslyâ€"its a simple fact about human nature. This is especially true for leaders, who need to maintain integrity in their work, communication, and role as an influencer. Leaders work hard to build their image. They want to be seen as capable and trustworthy, especially in a time when there is a general lack of trust in leadership among employees. A lack of employee trust due to a leaders poor communication skills (whether written or spoken) can sow seeds of doubt in the leaders ability to do his or her job effectively.What to do (and what to avoid)Now that you understand the reasons why great leaders should be great writers, lets break it down into some best practices to follow, along with mistakes to avoid. These rules pertain to writing that is made public (o r at least available to everyone in the company), such as newsletters, online forums, industry publications or website content.As a leader, your writing should…Be positive, encouraging, hopeful and inspiring. These qualities make people want to read what you have written because they like to be uplifted and inspired.Be tactful. Sometimes choosing the right word can mean the difference between your writing coming across as disparaging or encouraging.Model the attitude and philosophy of your company, organization, or brand. As a leader, you are the voice of your company or department. Make sure that voice reflects well on your business.Be well researched, without inaccuracies in statistics or facts presented.Your writing should not…Include public shaming or fault-finding in others. This sort of negativity in purpose will only do more harm than good, in most situations. If there is a problem to address, it is often best handled through face-to-face conversation with the parties inv olved.Have any grammar, syntax, punctuation, or spelling errors. As mentioned earlier, these types of easily avoidable mistakes can affect a leaders reputation negatively. With online editors available and many offering 1 to 2-hour turnaround times for projects, theres really no excuse to publish writing containing these errors.Include quotes or references to others work without proper citation of the source material.Above all, keep in mind that developing your skills as a writer isnt something that can happen overnight. Continue to learn best practices as a writer and expert in your field, and youll find that your writing will improve (along with your leadership skills).

The Partnership of Venturi Scott Brown

Denise Scott Brown (born October 3, 1931 in Africa) and Robert Venturi (born June 25, 1925 in Philadelphia, PA) are known for smart urban designs and architecture steeped in popular symbolism. Kitsch becomes art in designs which exaggerate or stylize cultural icons. When they met and married, Denise Scott Brown had already made important contributions to the field of urban design. Through her work as an urban planner and her collaboration with Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates Inc. (VSB), she has brought the artifacts of popular culture into the realm of architecture and has shaped our understanding of the relationship between design and society. Robert Venturi is known for turning architecture on its head by exaggerating historical styles and incorporating cultural icons into the building design. For example, the Childrens Museum of Houston is built with the basic Classical characteristics—columns and pediment— but they are playfully exaggerated to appear cartoonish. Likewise, the Bank Building in Celebration, Florida has the stately form of the J.P. Morgan Co. Building, the iconic fortress on Wall Street in New York City. Yet, as designed by Venturi, Scott Brown and Associates, theres a playful retro look that more resembles a 1950s-era gas station or hamburger restaurant. Venturi was one of the first modern architects who embraced this playful (some say sarcastic) architecture that became known as postmodernism. VSB, based in Philadelphia, PA, has long been recognized for much more than Postmodernist designs. The firm completed more than 400 projects, each uniquely suited to the special needs of the clients. The couple is highly educated individually. Scott Brown was born to Jewish parents in Nkana, Zambia and raised in a suburb of Johannesburg, South Africa. She attended the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg (1948-1952), the Architectural Association in London, England (1955), and then went on to the University of Pennsylvania to earn a Master of City Planning (1960) and a Master of Architecture (1965). Venturi started out closer to his Philadelphia roots, graduating summa cum laude from Princeton University (1947 A.B. and 1950 MFA) in nearby New Jersey. He then ventured to Rome, Italy to study as a Rome Prize Fellow at the American Academy (1954-1956). Early in his architectural career, Venturi worked for Eero Saarinen, and then in the Philadelphia offices of Louis I. Kahn and Oscar Stonorov. He partnered with John Rauch from 1964 until 1989. Since 1960 Venturi and Scott Brown collaborated as  founding partners of Venturi, Scott Brown Associates. For decades Brown has directed the firms urban planning, urban design, and campus planning work. Both are licensed architects, planners, authors, and educators, yet it was Venturi alone who was awarded the Pritzker Prize in 1991, a contentious honor that many have decried as sexist and unjust. In 2016 the pair together was awarded the highest honor bestowed by the  American Institute of Architects—the AIA Gold Medal. Since retiring, Venturi and Brown are archiving their work at venturiscottbrown.org. Selected Projects: 1964: The Vanna Venturi House, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania—designed in 1962; named one of the Ten Buildings That Changed America in 2013.1968: Fire Station No. 4, Columbus, IN1970s: Preservation planning for historic districts in Galveston, Texas and Miami Beach, Florida1971: Trubek-Wislocki Houses, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts1972: Brant House, Greenwich, Connecticut1975: Tucker House, Katonah, New York1976: Allen Art Museum Addition, Oberlin, Ohio1976: House in Tuckers Town, Bermuda1980s: City plan for downtown Memphis, Tennessee1983: Gordon Wu Hall, Princeton, New Jersey1990s: Master plan and schematic design for the Denver Civic Center Cultural Complex,  Denver, Colorado1990s: Campus plans for Dartmouth College and the University of Pennsylvania1991: Sainsbury Wing, National Gallery, London, UK1991: Seattle Art Museum, Seattle, Washington1996: Sun Trust Bank, Celebration, Florida1997: Mielparque Nikko Kirifuri (resort hotel), Nikko, Japan2008: Chapel, Ep iscopal Academy, Newtown Square, PA Learn More: Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture by Robert VenturiIn this groundbreaking book, published in 1966, Robert Venturi challenged modernism and celebrated the mix of historic styles in great cities like Rome.Learning from Las Vegas by Robert Venturi, Steven Izenour, and Denise Scott Brown, 1972Subtitled The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form this postmodernist classic called the vulgar billboards of the Vegas Strip emblems for a new architecture. The controversial book presented the idea that architects could learn important lessons in design from commercial art and casino ads.Architecture as Signs and Systems for a Mannerist Time by Venturi Scott Brown, Harvard University Press, 2004AA Words 4: Having Words by Denise Scott Brown, Architectural Association, 2009A Difficult Whole: A Reference Book on the Work of Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown by Architecture Without Content, 2016 Famous Robert Venturi Quote: Less is a bore.—Rejecting the simplicity of modernism and responding to the Mies van der Rohe dictum, Less is more

The importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care

Language barriers have been one of the identified causes of many health problems, including timely and appropriate care, exacerbating existing conditions, and precipitating new ones. In addition to culturally appropriate education, interpreting is one of the approaches commonly used to help bridge the language gap for patients and practitioners. Interpreters are bilingual individuals that provide simultaneous interpretation between patients and medical care providers who do not share a common language (Finke, Light, Kitko, 2008). This finding suggests that a good relationship is essential for high-quality patient care. (Finke et al., 2008) use qualitative evidence from interviews with medical interpreters, and argue that an†¦show more content†¦Likewise, the author considers â€Å"that patient-centered communication skills are not inherent and must be acquired† (Finke et al., 2008). The ability to enter into to patients’ experiences to recognize them prec isely and to appreciate how the condition is perceived from the patient’s perspective is absolutely central in effective communication and to improve patient safety (Finke et al., 2008). This literature makes clear that in order to function efficiently in the effective communication, nurses must be knowledgeable and competent individuals, who active listening, to meet patient’s need. The publication named improving â€Å"Patient Provider Communication† argues that nurse must have the talent to express themselves encompassing both verbally and nonverbally aspect, and their message must also be echoing in the patient (2009). The communication should not be terminate until the patient translate the massage back to its sender. Consequently, effective communication is accomplished when patients are able to translate the message with the same connotation as what nurses wanted to convey (Patak, Wilson-Stronks, Costello, Keleinpell, Henneman, Pearson, Happ, 2009) These authors make it clear how in order to function efficiently in the therapeutic communication, health care providers should be knowledgeable and competent practitioners who are able toShow MoreRelated The importance of Effective Communication in Health-Care637 Words   |  3 PagesEffective communication continues to be paramount footing that brings out the naked image of the conveyed message when caring is delivered in the health care system. It is also considered the most efficient way to assure quality and safety patient care with optimistic health outcomes (LaValley, 2008). 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Medias Promotion of Consumerism - 2347 Words

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Affordable Housing and its Terminology in Western World

Question: Describe about the Affordable Housing and its Terminology in Western World. Answer: Introduction: The aim of the literature review is to evaluate a number of resources regarding affordable housing and its terminology in the Western and other developing countries. Affordable housing is not a recent term and in the recent time, great hype has been made in many countries where the citizens have made certain approaches towards their basic rights of utilizing affordable housing. Countries like USA and Singapore are actively concentrating on their part of fighting for their basic rights (Williams 2015). These situations have made it compulsory for the government as well to think about the citizen of the country and make necessary arrangement to provide good and efficient housing facilities to the people of the country. A detailed description of the findings shall be discussed in the literature review of this topic. Concept of Affordable Housing: There is no official definition of affordable housing but it has been widely accepted that there are a target groups of people who should be provided with housing and staying facility within a particular level of income. It has been pointed out by Salzer et al. (2016), that in case of Western countries with respect to US, if the housing cost is about 30% of the monthly income of the family, it can be said to be affordable. However, it has to be understood that the housing policy might vary from country to country depending upon the economic and societal condition of the particular nation or state. It has been found that local governments of Canada and US are firmly committed towards providing affordable housing to the people of the country (Balbo 2014). If the history of affordable housing has to be considered, it has to be mentioned that projects related to affordable housing has been started from the middle of the 20th century. Asian countries like Singapore and Hong Kong started t heir affordable housing projects from 1950s. In the recent time, certain affordable housing policy has also been made in China for the low income group of people. This approach was made to keep a pace in the growth of the society (McArdle 2016). Affordable housing provides the necessary foundation of house and living area for every people. There has been considerable concern about affordable housing in the major developed and developing countries. Reading Jian, Wei and Daiyun (2013), it has been found that 32% of Worlds population or almost 1 billion people live in slums even in majority of the developing countries. The locus of the global poverty is in fact moving towards the cities and the process has been termed as urbanization of poverty. It has been estimated that apart from the population at the urban regions, there are many people who do not have a proper shelter for the homeless people. In fact, number of people without proper shelter is increasing from time to time (Davison et al. 2013). Characteristics of Affordable housing: Primarily, affordable housing calls for the involvement of the government in the entire developing and planning procedure. The development and the location of building the houses depend on the government of a country. In addition to this, a particular standard and the price of the house are also set by the Government (Massey et al. 2013). For affordable housing, the consumers are fixed. The consumers who are meant for the affordable housing are limited to certain sector of people. For such situations, the consumers get fixed based on the income level. Basically the lower income groups of people are given the opportunity of buying the affordable housing. In this respect, Lawson et al. (2014) commented that it depends on the income of the family members and the money that a family can afford for the sake of housing and shelter. At times, it happens that many people apply for the affordable house because of the low cost of the house even if they have good level of income (Shapiro and Ka marck 2015). It becomes an issue for the Government to allow the basic right to particular group of people. The complete process becomes very complicated for the Government as well to understand the necessity of the people and could not understand whom to provide the necessary housing facility and whom to reject. Affordable Housing Policies in major countries: As stated by Ramli, Zainal and Ali (2016), there are many countries that have housing policies that are persuasive towards modern standard and applied econometrics. Much of the housing policy in the developed countries is redistributive in nature. The housing nature of developed countries like US and Sweden has a strong foundation of the housing structure and has less potential of housing related issues and problems. Human development is always accompanied by urban development. In the view point of Zou (2014), Urbanization comes from the major activities like gathering food and making a proper living collection and infrastructure in order to create a better environment for the survival of human beings. Housing is a symbol of development because it is one of the major requirements of social and economic development of a country (Maclennan et al. 2014). In the view point of Sharam et al. (2016), affordable housing has become an urgent and important topic of discussion in the recent time. In Western Countries, the social welfare system and housing policies are quiet mature as compared to other Asian countries. It has been observed that there remains an economic gap among the people in the society and it is for the same reason, many people could not afford proper housing (Christensen 2016). The price of real estate market has become unstable because many countries have faced major economic crisis after the World War II. It was by the beginning of the 21st Century, houses became more expensive. This has lead to unaffordable house dreams to many (Yates 2013). Providing affordable housing has been an important factor to consider to the Government of many developed countries. Issues in Affordable Housing: As stated by Tan et al. (2014), with the rapid growth and development of cities, the consequence has lead to overcrowding of region. There is no doubt that housing is one of the basic needs of human live. House provides a place for privacy and security for a person. When a large number of people started living in a particular region, there increases the competition among the residents of the place. With the continuous increase in the demand of housing, it resulted in a gap due to less supply of houses to people (Hay 2016). It has to be understood that the construction speed is slow as compared to the increasing demand of the requirement of house. If proper housing is not available to the particular group of people, then there arises crisis in the situation and at the adverse, people become homeless (Morrison and Burgess 2014). In this respect, it has to be said that with increasing number of people going homeless, it affect the developing nature of a particular country. If the situat ion gets worse, a country cannot be given stable developed situation as it has to be. It is therefore, important to keep a stability and sustainability in the growth and development of the infrastructure of the particular region (Austin, Gurran and Whitehead 2014). It is for the same reason, government have to take certain action to include policies that results in low-income household rights to the people of the country. Global affordable housing: Affordable housing is one of the major issues in both Western and Eastern developing countries. There have been many ways of classifying affordable housing. There are different ways of classifying the housing and its characteristics based on its standard. It has to be understood that housing is not only a characteristic of commercial profit but it provides some kind of social security as well (Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari 2013). Therefore, affordable housing is also an important factor for providing security to the people who are the residents of a particular country. According to the Social Welfare Economic Theory, it has been understood that there welfare economics focus on private and social wealth (Lawson 2013). Sometimes, due to market failure, social fir practices related to wealth and economy is destroyed at certain instances. It has been stated that there should be provision towards making the economic approach similar for the people of country (Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari 2013). There must be a balance of the complete economic structure in the country that shall keep a balance of the flow of money among the people in the country (Mandelker 2014). It is for the same reason, has been recommended that the higher earning people should be liable to pay more taxes. It is only by this means that there shall be a provision of balancing the entire economic condition of a country. If a check is not kept on the complete process, chances of a fair and balanced economic condition are expected (Maclennan et al. 2014). The concept of affordable housing ca n only be applicable if there is a clear distinction of the rich and the poor. It has to be understood that the affordable housing scheme is for the people who do not have the provision to afford housing for their living. It should be understood that for the people who are financially strong, it is very lucid for them to afford or buy houses for themselves (Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari 2013). However, the level of comfort varies from the properties of a person to the other. If provision has to be made to keep a safe provision of shelter for the people of a country, it has to be made affordable for the people who are not capable enough to afford their housing. American Housing Act was formed in the year 1937 and was put into action that marked the beginning of the affordable housing features in the country (Mandelker 2014). The effort was made mainly to change the government policy and to make effort and think about the people of the country (Christensen 2016). It has been proposed that federal financial help has to be made to the people belonging to the major slum areas. Renewable projects have to be made which are associated with the development of the slums and the other related urban areas. Again, it was claimed that to increase the authorization for the Federal Housing Administration that helped in the mortgaging process for the people who requires affordable housing for themselves (Mandelker 2014). Provisions were made towards the continuous development and construction of buildings. It was aimed to supply more number of houses to increase the supply of the houses to the people living in the country. The tax payers and developers were asked to contribute towards the building of the houses and other major places where people can stay (Maclennan et al. 2014). The local government has put great impact on solving the problems of the people who did not have the provision of better shelter and residence of self. In fact, it has been committed towards the citizen of the country that low cost housing or housing with low tax or interest to the people who cannot afford proper housing for their shelter. Renting the houses is also another means that has been proposed by the government to support the people in need (Shapiro and Kamarck 2015). It was from this time, it was found that the people of US find it really helpful for themselves and found it helpful for finding a shelter for them. I t was claimed that 25% of the household income shall be made for the sake of house rent (Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari 2013). Government bodies also supported the low income people and provided help by the means of giving them subsidy or loans. Problems and challenges of affordable housing: It has been observed that in developed and developing countries as well, there have been various issues and challenges related to public housing systems in order to help the lower income group of people. Government plays an effective role in helping the people who are below basic economic level and help them to tackle with the life activities (Shapiro and Kamarck 2015). In places like Sweden where the population is considerably low, providing housing provision and shelter to the people does not become an issue and the government themselves are likely to help the people in need (Maclennan et al. 2014). However, in case of the over populated nations like some countries in Asia, it becomes really challenging for the government as well to provide required provision to the target group of people. In such cases, the government as well as the people has to suffer in addressing the needs of the people. In the same way, if the situation of Singapore is considered, there is also a similar kind of features observed in the country. As commented by Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari (2013), solving the problems of the people related to the social issues and living factor should remain at the prime factor of requirements that needs to be fulfilled by the government. There is no issue if the common people ask for certain basic rights. The government should take necessary actions to overcome the situations that shall help the citizen to lead a life in comfort (Shapiro and Kamarck 2015). People have been asking for their basic rights of shelter and residence. In many cold countries, it also falls under the responsibility of the Governme (Nguyen, Basolo and Tiwari 2013)nt to think about the condition of the people of those countries. Affordable housing also includes the provision of providing warmth in the houses of the citizens. It has been found that majority of the population of the major develope d countries live in one room. Therefore, if proper provisions are made to keep a stance of the security of the people, affordable housing has to be provided to the people. Conclusion: The literature review section has highlighted the different perspectives of the housing development in major Western Countries. A detailed analysis of the approach of the Government in making the life of the people simple and supporting them with basic living rights have been analyzed. Privatization of housing could not settle the life long dispute that has been going on for the time being. It definitely falls under the consideration and the responsibilities of the Government to understand the importance of basic rights of human that also include the provision of housing. It cannot be denied that housing is an important factor that has to be included in the basic rights of the people. It shall be one of the main input from the government of a developed or a developing country. A country can only be considered developed if all types of rights and authorities are fulfilled by the government. Every major country from the West to the East and the Asian countries as well have understood t he importance of providing the basic housing provision to the people of the particular country. Reference list: Austin, P.M., Gurran, N. and Whitehead, C.M., 2014. Planning and affordable housing in Australia, New Zealand and England: common culture; different mechanisms.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,29(3), pp.455-472. Balbo, M. 2014, "Beyond the city of developing countries. The new urban order of the emerging city",Planning Theory,vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 269-287. Christensen, P.H., 2016, January. Investigating Solutions To The Affordable Housing Supply Challenges In Sydney, Australia: Considering Alternative Housing Typologies. InPacific Rim Real Estate Society 22nd Annual Conference. Davison, G., Legacy, C., Liu, E., Han, H., Phibbs, P., Van Den Nouwelant, R., Darcy, M. and Piracha, A., 2013. Understanding and addressing community opposition to affordable housing development.Australian Housing and Urban Research Institute (AHURI), pp.135-148. Gibb, K., Maclennan, D. and Stephens, M., 2013. Innovative financing of affordable housing international and UK perspectives. Hay, R., 2016. The changing image of affordable housing: design, gentrification and community in Canada and Europe. Jian, L., Wei, L. and Daiyun, L., 2013. Research on the Planning of Affordable Housing in Metropolis Marginal Areas of Metropolis: Taking Dalian Quanshui Affordable Housing and Public Rental Housing as an Example [J].Huazhong Architecture,1, p.027. Lawson, J., 2013. The use of guarantees in affordable housing investment-a selective international review. Lawson, J., Berry, M., Hamilton, C. and Pawson, H., 2014. Enhancing affordable rental housing investment via an intermediary and guarantee. Maclennan, D., Miao, J.T., Lutero, E., Young, G. and O'Sullivan, T., 2014. Global Affordable Housing Report: BRICS Plus Mortar. Mandelker, D.R., 2014.Land use law. LexisNexis. Massey, D.S., Albright, L., Casciano, R., Derickson, E. and Kinsey, D.N., 2013.Climbing Mount Laurel: The struggle for affordable housing and social mobility in an American suburb. Princeton University Press. McArdle, A.L., 2016. Challenges to Achieving New York City's Affordable Housing Goals: Reconciling Mandatory Inclusionary Housing, Community Preference Requirements, and Fair Housing Laws.Andrea McArdle, Challenges to Achieving New York City's Affordable Housing Goals: Reconciling Mandatory Inclusionary Housing, Community Preference Requirements, and Fair Housing Laws,43. Morrison, N. and Burgess, G., 2014. Inclusionary housing policy in England: the impact of the downturn on the delivery of affordable housing through Section 106.Journal of Housing and the Built Environment,29(3), pp.423-438. Nguyen, M.T., Basolo, V. and Tiwari, A., 2013. Opposition to affordable housing in the USA: Debate framing and the responses of local actors.Housing, Theory and Society,30(2), pp.107-130. Ramli, F., Zainal, R. and Ali, M., 2016. Equilibrium Price Modelling of an Affordable Housing in Malaysia.International Journal of Supply Chain Management,5(3), pp.126-132. Salzer, C., Wallbaum, H., Lopez, L.F., Kouyoumji, J.L., Chalmers University of Technology, Institutionen fr bygg- och miljteknik, Byggnadsteknologi, Chalmers tekniska hgskola Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Building Technology 2016, "Sustainability of Social Housing in Asia: A Holistic Multi-Perspective Development Process for Bamboo-Based Construction in the Philippines",Sustainability,vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 151. Shapiro, R.J. and Kamarck, E.C., 2015. A Strategy to Promote Affordable Housing for All Americans By Recapitalizing Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Sharam, A., McShane, I., Bryant, L. and de Silva, A., 2016. Are not-for-profit organisations a source of land for affordable housing?. Tan, J., Chen, L., Zou, W. and Zhou, Y., 2014. An Empirical Study on the Impacted Groups of Affordable Housing Termination Policy: A Case from Guangzhou. Williams, P. 2015, "The affordable housing conundrum: shifting policy approaches in Australia",Town Planning Review,vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 651-676. Yates, J., 2013. Evaluating social and affordable housing reform in Australia: lessons to be learned from history.International Journal of Housing Policy,13(2), pp.111-133. Zou, Y., 2014. Contradictions in China's affordable housing policy: Goals vs. structure.Habitat International,41, pp.8-16.

Total Quality Management (TQM)

TQM is an intricate approach aimed at improving the value of processes by consistently checking for deficiencies in these products and services (Sashkin Kiser, 1993).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management (TQM) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More TQM is equally indispensable in the administration of hotels. It determines consumer contentment in terms of value of services provided. Nonetheless, measuring value still remains one of the concerns in the hospitality segment. It is crucial to apply TQM as a systematic approach; however, this is not enough to maintain it in an organization. TQM can be lucratively implemented in management of hotels by first recognizing customers as the most essential component of a transaction. This means paying attention to their responses. There should always be a balance between the initial expectations of clients and how they view the service received. A service ca n be considered of high quality if it meets or exceeds client expectations (Sanders Graham, 1992). Quality of processes provided can be improved by evaluating competitor’s performance. An outstanding provider pays attention to concepts pertaining to timeliness. It is the responsibility of a manager to make certain employees provide services on demand within the agreed time. Integrity is also vital; it entails completeness of the service that an organization provides. Employees should always follow the right procedures during provision of services. TQM is also implemented by coming up with measurement steps, which gives it, coherence. Statistical analysis of the processes helps in highlighting possible shortcomings in products and associated services. The results derived from the measurement methods are quite vital in making sound decisions (Mukherjee, 2006). An executive in the hospitality industry can constantly progress the quality of processes offered in various ways. On e can induce personnel to embrace teamwork directed towards quality culture. Employees should be assisted so that they can improve job performance by eliminating barriers. These may incorporate lack of quality materials that aid duties. Job performance can also be enhanced by providing sufficient and relevant training in TQM as well as other areas of work. TQM requires managers to distinguish achievement. Symbolic rewards such as certifications should be accompanied by material recompense (Sashkin Kiser, 1993).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The thriving realization of TQM in an organization by an executive can be evaluated in various ways. Employees should embrace and sustain a tradition of TQM. Successful achievement of TQM involves acknowledging consumers’ needs. It also entails establishing clients’ wants, which should be, written down and explored. Con sumer desires eventually translate to the processes that distinguish an organization. The processes developed should be understood by those within the company. The administration of an organization should ensure that the processes developed satisfy the needs of customers. Finally, administration should derive a means of providing processes with exemplary standards (Sashkin Kiser, 1993). TQM initiative is poorly implemented by organizations on numerous occasions. This is evident when a company does not demonstrate objectivity in improving their products and service through the provision of long-term plans for education and research. Such organizations focus on profits that are termed as short-term in nature. TQM cannot be productively implemented if an institute disregards the needs of the customers (Sashkin Kiser, 1993). An organization that inadequately attends to client feedback, and lacks methods of evaluation is likely to fail. References Mukherjee, P.N. (2006). Total Quality Management. Mumbai: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd Sashkin, M. Kiser, K. J. (1993). Putting total quality management to work: what TQM means, how to use it, and how to sustain it over the long run: San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Sanders, I. Graham, M. (1992). Total Quality Management in the Hospitality Industry. Vol 3, Issue 3: Oxfordshire: Carfax Publishing Company  Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Total Quality Management (TQM) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Total Quality Management (TQM) was written and submitted by user Raymond Dodson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Genetherapy Essays - Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Gene Delivery

Genetherapy Essays - Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Gene Delivery Genetherapy Gene Therapy Gene therapy is the use of genes and the techniques of genetic engineering in the treatment of a genetic disorder or chronic disease. There are many techniques of gene therapy. The two basic methods are called in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. The in vivo method inserts genetically altered genes directly into the patient; the ex vivo method removes tissue from the patient, extracts the cells in question, and genetically alters them before returning them to the patient. The challenge of gene therapy is the development of a means to deliver the genetic material into the nuclei of the appropriate cells, so that it will be reproduced in the normal course of cell division and have a lasting effect. One technique involves removing cells from a patient, fortifying them with healthy copies of the defective gene, and reinjecting them into the patient. Another involves inserting a gene into an inactivated or nonvirulent virus and using the viruss infective capabilities to carry the desired gene into the patients cells. A liposome, a tiny fat-encased pouch that can traverse cell membranes, is also sometimes used to transport a gene into a body cell. Another approach employing liposomes, called chimeraplasty, involves the insertion of manufactured nucleic acid molecules (chimeraplasts) instead of entire genes to correct disease-causing gene mutations. Once inserted, the gene may produce an essential chemical that the patients body cannot, remove or render harm less a substance or gene causing disease, or expose certain cells, especially cancerous cells, to attack by conventional drugs. Gene therapy was first used in humans in 1990 to treat a child with adenosine deaminase deficiency (ADA), a rare hereditary immune disorder. It is hoped that gene therapy can be used to treat cancer, genetic diseases, and AIDS, but there are concerns that the immune system may attack cells treated by gene therapy, that the viral vectors could mutate and become virulent, or that altered genes might be passed to succeeding generations. In the United States, gene therapy techniques must be approved by the federal government. The Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee of the National Institutes of Health oversees gene therapy experiments. Like drugs, products must pass the requirements of the Food and Drug Administration. Gene therapy is a competitive and potentially lucrative field, and patents have been awarded for certain techniques. Bibliography J. Lyon and P. Gorner, Altered Fates: Gene Therapy and the Retooling of Human Life (1995).

Negotiating Strategy on XYZ Airport Services Essay

Negotiating Strategy on XYZ Airport Services - Essay Example Under this stage, XYZ should get to know the other party (Airport Authority) by initially setting an appointment. Before making any attempt to establish a wide-range of the settlement with the Airport Authority, the top management of XYZ should carefully plan on some strategies that could enable both parties to come up with a win-win situation or conduct negotiations on neutral ground (Guirdham 2002, pp. 400 – 404). Since negotiation process is dynamic by nature, Shell (2001) suggests the need to be careful when choosing the best bargaining style. In line with this, negotiator such as in the case of XYZ company should consider not only the culture but also the personality of the people behind the Airport Authority. For instance: The personality of the people behind the Airport Authority is outgoing. Therefore, it is necessary on the part of XYZ company to satisfy the personality, needs and wants of the people behind the Airport Authority. Since most of them are outgoing people, XYZ management should invite and treat these people to have lunch or dinner as a group meeting or play golf while discussing the issue involved. This strategy will enable XYZ management to easily win the trust and sympathy of the people behind Airport Authority. Becoming familiar with the entry phase of negotiation is a crucial factor that determines whether or not the outcome of a given negotiation process can be successful. Right timing is very important in the negotiation process. As explained by Zartmann (2002) and Rubin (1989), the process of knowing the phases of negotiation could somehow enable the negotiator to know whether or not it is the right time to begin the pre-negotiation stage, the formal negotiation stage which normally takes place after the preparation stage, and ends the bargaining process which is the post-negotiation stage.

Managing Diversity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Managing Diversity - Assignment Example Successful organisations take pride in implementing diversity at work places and they devote some resources as well for taking care of this challenge. The changing demographics of UK further compound this challenge. There are a large number of ethnic minorities in UK, and a recent study projects that, by 2020 half of UK's population will be over-50, and a third of those between 50 and retirement age will be classified as disabled. Government of UK has also realized the need for paying more attention towards the diversity in the society and managing it. The 'Commission for Equality and Human Rights (CEHR)' has been set up by the Equality Act 2006, which emphasizes2 that 'Equality, diversity, and respect for the human rights and dignity of every man, woman and child are core values that define our lives in Britain.' The vision for the CEHR is based on the Government's view that equality is not a minority concern - it matters to every citizen. The commission will be fully functional by October 2007. While the spirit behind this act has got an overwhelming support from HR practitioners, apprehensions3 are also expressed by many speakers during a conference on race, held in London in November 2006. while HR professionals are taking a sigh of relief that the legislative mess of dealing with 35 Acts, 52 statutory instruments and 13 codes of practice on equality issues will be over with the implementation of CEHR, there are other speakers during this conference, who believe that racial concerns will slip down the agenda once they become just one part of the body's work, as it gears up to fight discrimination on seven fronts. A survey4 of 112 HR practitioners by Personnel Today's sister publication IRS Employment Review, shows that respondents hope the CEHR will make things simpler. It is worthwhile here to note that implementation of any law in letter and spirit depends on the intentions of the organisation and how seriously it values the corporate social responsibility. Therefore CEHR will have more of a guiding and nudging role in carrying out the tasks. In fact the survey findings also point out that 81% respondents would be happy if the commission just issued advice on good practice and tools for employers, rather than carry out investigations (40%) and legal enforcement (31%). Diversity Strategy and Organisational Effectiveness The global economy has made it almost mandatory for international corporations that an effective strategy is adopted for managing the diversity. Companies are moving towards flatter organizational structures, and the global economy is allowing the movement of the workforce across national boundaries, effective interaction amongst diverse workers becomes more critical for the smooth organizational functioning. In fact now that debate has started whether the concept of 'managing diversity; forms an alternative to 'equal opportunities' based on gender bias. In the UK, human resource practitioners and academics alike are becoming more aware of the emergence of managing diversity. There is now a view that, after twenty years of the '

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis

Little Albert and David Reimer: Ethical Analysis Ethics Essay Introduction All psychological studies focusing on human being needs to obtain ethical approval by the Psychology Research Ethics Committee. Psychologist wishing to conduct a research/study must first submit a filled in form of psychology ethics committee application cover page, write up a detail proposal describing the research process and attach any supporting documents. These steps are compulsory prior to research in order to protect participants from inhumane harm. Due to past examples of highly unethical research like the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment and â€Å"David Reimer† experiment, it has triggered psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in psychology which provides ethical guidelines for researchers. The code of ethics includes informed consent, voluntary participation, right to withdraw, accurate reporting, do no harm, debriefing and desensitisation. Experiment 1 – Unethical Reasons The first example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1920 at John’s Hopkins University by behavioural psychologist John B. Watson and his assistant. The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether fear is something born with or can be learned due to exposure of environmental influences; and if phobia can be developed by classical conditioning. The participant was 9 month old infant, Little Albert. In the experiment, Little Albert was first exposed to various white or furry objects and happenings that usually cause fear. Next, a white lab rat was given to Albert and he showed no fear. Watson then made loud banging sounds behind Albert’s back every time he touched the rat – Little Albert cried. He became upset when he was exposed to the white rat again as he linked the rat with the banging noise produced. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as Little Albert was not protected from psychological harm – the main purpose of the experiment is to test if fear can be developed by classical conditioning. Also, Watson knew that there will be not be sufficient time left to treat any possible fears/harms caused. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as Little Albert did not volunteer for the study, he is too young. Little Albert was chosen from the hospital where his mother worked as a wet nurse. She is financially dependent on the hospital for income and feared that she would lose her job if she disagreed Little Albert’s participation. In addition, she received $1 for Little Albert’s participation in the experiment. In a way, she was forced to agree for participation in order to keep her job and due to aid in financial struggles. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his mother was never informed about the procedure, the pros cons and withdrawal rights of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"desensitisation and debriefing† guideline is breached as there was no removal of ill effects and Little Albert was never treated for his fears as he left the hospital right after the experiment ended. As a result, Little Albert developed fears towards anything that was white fluffy and grown up having a phobia of dogs. Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"Little Albert† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, the do no harm and desensitisation guideline could be linked together. Watson should have suggested treatment plans to help remove the harm and cause of fear of Little Albert. This is extremely crucial in protecting the participants from future psychological problems that may have a significant impact on their lives. Secondly, Watson should have chosen other babies who didn’t have parents who worked in that hospital, so that they do not feel pressured to accept the request. Also, Watson should not use money to gain agreement for participation. Lastly, Watson should have properly inform Little Albert’s mom about the experiment procedure and make it clear that he had the right to withdraw from the experiment at any time without any problems caused. Experiment 2 – Unethical The second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines is the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment. The experiment is conducted in 1965 at John’s Hopkins Hospital by sexologist Dr Money. The purpose of the experiment was to prove that nurture, instead of nature determines gender identity and sexual orientation. The participant was 22 month old baby, David Reimer. In the experiment, the baby underwent a sex re–assignment surgery where his testes were surgically removed. David (now Brenda) changed his name and was brought up as a female. The plan failed when his family finally revealed her original gender at age 15. First of all, the experiment has breached the â€Å"do no harm† guideline as David Reimer experienced severe psychological harm – he committed suicide at age 38. Also, the experiment has indirectly caused harm to his family: his mom was suicidal, his dad was alcoholic and his twin brother was severely depressed committed suicide at the end. Secondly, the â€Å"voluntary participation† guideline is breached as David Reimer did not volunteer for the study, his parents were equally horrified by the suggestion of a sex change, but eventually agreed to the procedure. Little did they know Dr Money’s real intention – to use David to prove his â€Å"theory of gender neutrality†, which states that gender can be trained by being brought up in an appropriate environment. Thirdly, the â€Å"informed consent† guideline is breached as his parents were not properly informed of the experiment. They were not told what was going on during the kidsâ€⠄¢ yearly meetings with Dr Money. Fourthly, the â€Å"accurate reporting† guideline is breached. Dr Money wrote a report on his study and claimed that the experiment was a huge success and that his theory is supported, which greatly contradicts the data from previous reports. It is clear that the Reimer family were having huge psychological issues – David wasn’t living up to his role as Dr Money had described in his report. Dr Money has falsified the outcome of the experiment. Lastly, the â€Å"withdrawal rights† is breached as David and his twin brother Brian were forced to travel to Baltimore for yearly meetings with Dr Money until they refused (not because they had the right to withdraw, but because they were too frightened to see him) Improvements There are guidelines to ensure that the â€Å"David Reimer† experiment could be run ethically. Firstly, Dr Money should have suggested a psychiatrist to evaluate David and provide counselling treatment to aid in his acceptance of his true gender. Dr Money should have suggested treatment centres for the Reimer family to visit to remove all negative effects caused by the hidden truth of David’s real gender. Secondly, Dr Money should have debrief the Reimer family of his real intentions of using David as an experimental object is due to selfishness, instead of persuading them to believe that a sex change is indeed the best advice that Dr Money can give. Thirdly, Dr Money should have informed David’s parents of what he did during the yearly meetings. In those meetings, he frightened the twins by using disgusting and inappropriate ways to make a clear cut difference between feminine and masculine. He made David and his twin perform sexual acts and took photos of them naked. Lastly, Dr Money should have accurately report his experiment results. Many textbooks were re-written just to publish his theory that he stated as supported, which in reality just clearly contradicts the whole experiment result when David committed suicide due to depression. Conclusion All in all, when there weren’t any ethical guidelines in the past, unethical experiments can be conducted by psychologists for selfish and illegitimate reasons. It is due to such unethical experiments that urged psychological societies to issue a code of ethics in order to protect the participants from inhumane harm. All psychologist have to strictly follow the guidelines in order to obtain approval to conduct their intended experiment. Due to the lack of guidelines in the past, Little Albert was psychologically harmed that he developed a phobia which was not treated. David Reimer was also psychologically harmed as he was not informed of his original gender until 15 years later where his whole family broke down psychologically. Previously, â€Å"she† was so confused and was often teased about her questionable gender identity, which also impacted on her self-esteem. In reality, both experiments could be run ethically even if a code of ethics was not issued in the early days. However, this is dependent on the degree of common sense and humaneness the psychologist designs the experiment. Referencing Introduces the reader to the fact that psychological research today must follow ethical guidelines. Briefly states what these guidelines are. Explains that there are examples of past research that would breach today’s guidelines. Describes an example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Describes a second example of past research that would be considered unethical by today’s guidelines.. Explains why it would be classed as unethical i.e. which guidelines are breached and how. Makes specific suggestions as to how the second example of research could be run ethically. If this is not possible, then argues why not. Sums up main points of the essay (does not introduce any new information or ideas). Harvard in-text referencing and a full reference list is essential

Pascals Wager and Global Warming :: Climate Change, Greenhouse Gases

Since measurements began in 1958 -- and it can be assumed to have been the case since the industrial revolution -- emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere has risen steadily as a result of the burning of fossil fuels (Quay, pp 2344). Although there is much argument over the implications of increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, there are several points that almost all scientists would agree on: firstly, carbon dioxide acts to absorb radiated heat; if present in our atmosphere will do just that to some extent. Second, the concentration of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is rising. Third, the temperature of the planet is rising - although the amount of this increase and the causes of this rise are subject to disagreement (Philander, pp 193). When I was at school in Vermont, one of my teachers explained to me Pascal's Wager. According to this teacher, the philosopher and mathematician Pascal had tried to establish the costs and benefits of believing in God. He saw it in this way: you can either believe in God or not. If you do believe in God, and there is in fact no God, then you will perhaps have spent some extra energy unnecessarily abstaining from certain pleasures and wasting your Sunday mornings in Church, but overall you did not give up too much. And, it could be argued, you may have actually treated your fellow men more kindly then you would have otherwise. If, however, there is a God, and you believed in him, then you get eternal salvation. On the other hand, you could choose not to believe in God. If there is no God, then you are fine. You can sin all you like, you can allow yourself transgressions and forbidden acts, and the only punishments you will face will be those of this life. If, however, you lived thusly and there is a God, then you face an eternity of torture and unbearable misery. So, Pascal reasoned, one would do best to believe in God and act accordingly. That way, if you're wrong, the worst thing that could happen is that you were more pious and caring then you may have otherwise been. If you do not believe in God and you turn out to be wrong, the risks become terrifying. My teacher suggested that I apply this same logic to global warming. It is a matter of playing the odds.

Finance and Short Term Debt

EncanaCost of Capital Before calculating the cost of capital I'll calculate cost of equity and cost of dept and capital structure for ENCANA: 1 Cost of Debt: ENCANA cost of debt included cost on short term debt , long term debt and publicity traded interest amount 1. 1 Short term Debt: Short term obligations (Ex. 1) = $ 1425 million Interest Rate (Ex. 1) = 3. 52% Total amount for short term debt interest = 1425 ? 3. 52% = 50. 16 million 1. 2 Long term Debt: Other long term liabilities (Ex. 1) = $1278 Interest rate (Prime rate charged) = 5. 25%Total amount for long term debt interest = 1278 ? 5. 25% = 67. 095 million 1. 3 Publicity traded: Publicity traded interest = total interest – (short term debt interest amount + long term debt interest amount) Publicity traded interest = 524 – ( 50. 16 + 67. 095) = 406. 75 million Interest rate on publicity traded = Publicity traded interest ? L. T debt on publicity traded Interest rate on publicity traded = 406. 75 ? 5351 = 7. 6% Cost on debt = Weight of long term debt ? Rate of interest on L. T debt + Weight of short term debt ? Rate of interest on S.T debt + Weight of publicity traded ? rate of interest on publicity traded = 1278/8054* ? 5. 25 + 1425/8054 ? 3. 52 + 5351/8054 ? 7. 60 = 0. 833 + 0. 622 + 5. 049 = 6. 5% *The amount $8054 is total amount of debt given in Exhibit 3 1. 4 Determining Tax rate: Tax rate for ENCANA can be determined as follow: Tax Rate= T= Net earnings before interest and tax ? tax expense T= 1260 ? 4089 = 30. 81% 1. 5 Cost of debt after tax: Cost of debt after tax = cost of debt before tax (1- Tax Rate) Cost of debt after tax = 6. 5% ( 1- 30. 81%) = 4. % ==; rate of debt (rd) 2 Cost of equity: There are following two ways to calculate ENCANA's cost of equity : 1. Using SML equation 2. Calculating cost of equity by dividend growth model 2. 1 Calculation of cost of equity for ENCANA by using SML equation: rs = r* + MRP (b) r* = 4. 20 % (Govt. long Term Treasury Bills) rm = 13. 9% (S &P arithmetic average return) MRP = rm – r = 13. 9-4. 20 = 9. 7 Beta = 1. 27 rs = 4. 20 + 9. 7 *1. 27 rs = 16. 519 % 2. 1 Calculation of cost of equity for ENCANA by using dividend growth model: rs = (D1/ Po – F) + gWhere: D1= next year dividend Po = current price of share in market F = Floatation Cost Growth from past data: Year | Dividend per share | Growth * | 2002 | 0. 2 | | 2003 | 0. 15 | -25% | 2004 | 0. 2 | 33. 3% | 2005 | 0. 28 | 40% | *Growth rate is calculated as: 0. 15/0. 2= 0. 75-1 = -0. 25? 100 =-25% 0. 2/0. 15= 1. 33-1= 0. 33 ? 100 = 33. 3% 0. 28/0. 2= 1. 4-1 =0. 4 ? 100 = 40% Average Growth= -25 + 33. 3 + 40 = 16. 1% rs = (Do (1+ g) / Po – F) + g rs = 0. 28 (1+0. 1611) / 56. 75 (1- 0. 05) + 0. 1611 rs = 0. 25108/53. 9125 +0. 1611 rs = 16. 713% Average rs = (16. 713+16. 519)/2 = 16. 616% WACC: The WACC equation  is the cost of each capital component  multiplied by its proportional weight and then summing:   WACC = rD  (1-  Tc  )*(  Dà ‚  /  V  )+  rE  *(  E  /  V  ) Where, Re = cost of equity Rd = cost of debt E = market value of the firm's equity D =  market value of the firm's debt V = Total Capital = E + D E/V = we = percentage of financing by equity D/V = wd= percentage of financing by debt T =  corporate tax rate By putting Values:Total Equity= E = no of shares * price of shares = 854. 9 * 56. 75 = $48515. 575 million Total Capital = Equity + Debt = 48515. 575+ 8054 = $56596. 575 Million WACC = wd * rd + we * re = 8054/56596. 575 * 4. 5 + 48515. 575/56596. 575 * 16. 616 = 0. 6404 + 14. 2436 = 14. 884% ENCANA should accept this project which will give a return of more than 14. 884%, because ENCANA has to pay their investors a return of 14. 884 and this will also generate profit which can be utilized as retained earnings and increase growth of its dividend.

Importance of Symbolism in What We Talk About When We...

Symbols are an essential part of daily life, since they help to express ideas without the need of a detailed explanation; traffic signs informing drivers without short paragraphs being posted in their place, facial gestures expressing feelings without having to describe them verbally, just to name a common couple. Likewise, symbols are a crucial part of a literary work, helping the author subtly incorporate concepts throughout the work. An author will deliberately incorporate a symbol into his or her literary work, which alone would mean nothing, but in context carries out a point the author is trying to make. What We Talk About When We Talk About Love is a short story about four friends trying to find the true meaning of love, trying†¦show more content†¦Just like an alcoholic has a hard time admitting alcoholism, it is hard for a person in love to accept and fight against a spouse abusing him or her. For example, in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love, Terri shares her experience in her previous marriage, He beat me up one night. He dragged me around the living room by my ankles. He kept saying, ‘I love you, I love youÂ…, (Carver 763) where she explains how her husband would beat her and abuse her physically, but she still considered it being love. Carver also emphasizes the contradictions within the characters themselves in the story, which illustrates the uncertainty of love, and how there is not a clearly defined approach to understanding it. Returning to the topic of Terris previous marriage, Mel, her current husband, complains about his failure to understand how she could refer to that abusive relationship as love. However, later on when she corrects him while he is talking, he turns to her and asks her to shut up (Carver 767). Another important contradiction which takes place throughout the entire story, is how the four friends are discussing a subject which they all have had bad experiences with, since they have all been divorc ed and remarried. The contradictions throughout Carvers story symbolize how love can also contradict itself, and trying to understand love is impossible since so many particular cases can negate specific examples of love. Moreover,Show MoreRelatedEssay on Araby and Cask of Amontillado: a Comparison1002 Words   |  5 Pagesof another person. I will be talking about and comparing the different elements of each story and their relevance. Both stories take place in different countries. In â€Å"Araby† the story is about a boy from Ireland. The country itself doesn’t have too much importance. The story would be almost the same if the boy was from America. When the main character visits the bazaar is when the setting matters. 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